{"id":1786,"date":"2018-08-23T21:14:54","date_gmt":"2018-08-23T21:14:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.tetra.net\/en\/en\/in-my-aquarium\/?p=1786"},"modified":"2020-11-16T10:15:44","modified_gmt":"2020-11-16T10:15:44","slug":"vezicile-inotatoare-cum-functioneaza","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.tetra.net\/ro-ro\/vezicile-inotatoare-cum-functioneaza\/","title":{"rendered":"Vezicile \u00eenot\u0103toare – cum func\u021bioneaz\u0103"},"content":{"rendered":"

Vezicile \u00eenot\u0103toare – cum func\u021bioneaz\u0103, posibile afec\u021biuni (\u0219i o list\u0103 cu pe\u0219tii care nu au a\u0219a ceva)<\/em><\/p>\n

C\u00e2nd s\u0103rim \u00eentr-o piscin\u0103 sau direct \u00een mare, de\u0219i unii dintre noi \u0219tiu s\u0103 \u00eenoate, este evident c\u0103 nu suntem construi\u021bi pentru acest mediu subacvatic. Chiar dac\u0103 ne umplem pl\u0103m\u00e2nii cu aer, trebuie totu\u0219i s\u0103 cheltuim mult\u0103 energie c\u0103lc\u00e2nd apa pentru a preveni scufundarea. Motivul pentru care nu suntem plutitori este c\u0103 ale noastre corpuri noastre sunt mai dense dec\u00e2t apa din jur.<\/p>\n

Interesant este c\u0103 \u0219i pe\u0219tii au aceea\u0219i problem\u0103. Greutatea specific\u0103 (SG) a apei pure la 4 \u00b0 C este 1, iar apa de mare are o SG \u00een jur de 1,029, \u00een func\u021bie de temperatur\u0103. Dar, c\u00e2nd vine vorba de pe\u0219ti, scheletele lor au o SG de 2,0, solzii \u0219i alte \u021besuturi au o SG de 1,05-1,1, iar gr\u0103simile \u0219i uleiurile au o SG de aproximativ 0,9. Combina\u021bia acestor diferite densit\u0103\u021bi echivaleaz\u0103 cu o SG a \u00eentregului pe\u0219te de aproximativ 1,06-1,09, ceea ce-l face mai dens dec\u00e2t mediul lui de ap\u0103 dulce sau s\u0103rat\u0103.<\/p>\n

Cu toate acestea, atunci c\u00e2nd observ\u0103m pe\u0219tii \u00een acvariile sau iazurile noastre, este instantaneu evident c\u0103, atunci c\u00e2nd sunt s\u0103n\u0103to\u0219i, starea lor este una… neutr\u0103: nu scufund\u0103 \u0219i nici nu plutesc la suprafa\u021b\u0103.<\/p>\n

Flotabilitatea neutr\u0103 poate fi atins\u0103 \u00een mai multe moduri. De exemplu, pe\u0219tii cartilagino\u0219i exploateaz\u0103 densitatea mai u\u0219oar\u0103 a uleiurilor, \u00een timp ce rechinii pelagici, cum ar fi rechinul albastru, (Prionace glauca), concentreaz\u0103 uleiul de squalan (SG = 0.8562) \u00een ficat. P\u00e2n\u0103 la 80% din masa ficatului poate fi reprezentat\u0103 de squalan, iar ficatul poate cuprinde 25% din greutatea corporal\u0103 a rechinului. Calamarii efectueaz\u0103 un truc similar folosind mai degrab\u0103 clorur\u0103 de amoniu, dec\u00e2t ulei.<\/p>\n

Concentrarea unui compus cu un nivel sc\u0103zut de SG \u00een corp pentru a conferi flotabilitate neutr\u0103, necesit\u0103 o cantitate considerabil\u0103 de compus \u0219i o adaptare anatomic\u0103 semnificativ\u0103 pentru a-l ad\u0103posti. Cu toate acestea,  compu\u0219ii sunt incompresibili, adic\u0103 flotabilitatea neutr\u0103 nu este afectat\u0103 de ad\u00e2ncimea apei, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t pe\u0219tele este liber s\u0103 se deplaseze pe distan\u021be mari, \u00een plan vertical, pe coloana de ap\u0103 – un privilegiu refuzat multor pe\u0219ti oso\u0219i – a\u0219a cum vom vedea.<\/p>\n

A\u0219a cum trebuie s\u0103 consum\u0103m energie pentru a c\u0103lca apa, pentru a pluti, a\u0219a se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103 \u0219i \u00een cazul unor pe\u0219ti.<\/span> Aripioarele pectorale pot fi folosite pentru a \u201eflutura\u201d, tonul, de exemplu, are aripioare modificate \u00een hidrofoiluri, pentru a \u00eenoata peste o vitez\u0103 minim\u0103 (0,6 m \/ s pentru Katsuwonus pelamis – tonul de salata), atunci se genereaz\u0103 o ridicare suficient\u0103 pentru<\/span> a contracara SG-ul lor mai mare dec\u00e2t apa.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0218tim c\u0103 a c\u0103lca apa este o munc\u0103 grea; pentru pe\u0219ti este, de asemenea, foarte dificil, mai ales din punct de vedere energetic, motiv pentru care mul\u021bi pe\u0219ti oso\u0219i care tr\u0103iesc \u00een cei 200 metri superiori ai coloanei de ap\u0103, au de obicei o vezic\u0103 cu gaz. Acest organ are alte c\u00e2teva nume; vezica de aer, de exemplu, este un termen nepotrivit, pentru c\u0103 vezica poate con\u021bine oxigen, dioxid de carbon \u0219i azot, fiecare fiind \u00een propor\u021bii semnificativ diferite de cele g\u0103site \u00een aer.<\/p>\n

Vezica \u00eenot\u0103toare este un alt termen utilizat \u00een mod obi\u0219nuit, de\u0219i din punct de vedere pedantic acest lucru \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 organul are o func\u021bie exclusiv destinat\u0103 deplas\u0103rii. Mul\u021bi pe\u0219ti \u00ee\u0219i folosesc veziculele de gaz pentru recep\u021bia \u0219i producerea sunetului. De exemplu, Toadfish (Opsanus tau) contract\u0103 mu\u0219chii sonici \u00eempotriva vezicii sale pentru a genera un sunet at\u00e2t de puternic \u00eenc\u00e2t, dac\u0103 mai mul\u021bi pe\u0219ti ar face asta deodat\u0103, ar crea o mare nepl\u0103cere locuitorilor de pe coast\u0103. Ace\u0219ti mu\u0219chi sonori se pot contracta la o frecven\u021b\u0103 de p\u00e2n\u0103 la 200 Hz la 25 \u00b0 C, f\u0103c\u00e2ndu-i cei mai rapizi mu\u0219chi din regnul animal (mu\u0219chii picioarelor unui \u0219oarece se pot contracta nu mai repede  de 25 Hz la 35 \u00b0 C).<\/p>\n

Veziculele pline cu gaz se afl\u0103 sub coloana vertebral\u0103, \u00een cavitatea corpului, \u0219i sunt excrescen\u021be ale proenteronului (intestinul primitiv anterior) pe\u0219tilor. \u00cen trecutul evolutiv al pe\u0219tilor, se crede c\u0103 vezicula gazoas\u0103 a func\u021bionat ca un pl\u0103m\u00e2n primitiv. Cu toate acestea, beneficiile energetice ale flotabilit\u0103\u021bii neutre pe care le-a conferit au dep\u0103\u0219it beneficiile sale ca organ respirator. Chiar \u0219i a\u0219a, unii pe\u0219ti \u00eenc\u0103 p\u0103streaz\u0103 o func\u021bie respiratorie \u00een vezica lor gazoas\u0103 – \u00een special pe\u0219tii pulmonari. Nu exist\u0103 un singur tip de vezic\u0103 \u00eent\u00e2lnit\u0103 la pe\u0219tii oso\u0219i. Salmonidele au o vezic\u0103 simpl\u0103, \u00een form\u0103 de c\u00e2rnat, cu pere\u021bi sub\u021biri; cea a unui pe\u0219te ciprinid este dublu compartimentat\u0103, iar vezica pe\u0219tilor-cu\u021bit (Notopteride) este \u00eemp\u0103r\u021bit\u0103 \u00een jum\u0103t\u0103\u021bi laterale. Interesant este faptul c\u0103 noi, oamenii, am g\u0103sit o utilizare pentru veziculele uscate ale pe\u0219tilor: ihtiocol (isinglass – termenul din limba englez\u0103) este o substan\u021b\u0103 provenit\u0103 din vezicile de \u00eenot uscate, o form\u0103 de colagen folosit\u0103 la decantarea sau limpezirea vinului \u0219i a berii.<\/p>\n

Peretele vezicii mai avansate nu este permeabil la gaz; depunerea unui strat de guanin\u0103 de culoare argintie reduce substan\u021bial permeabilitatea gazelor. Pe\u0219tii migratori, cum ar fi somonul, care \u00ee\u0219i \u00eencep via\u021ba \u00een fluxuri rapide, au vezici de gaz mai mici, cu o depunere mai mic\u0103 de guanin\u0103 pe pere\u021bii acestora. Flotabilitatea neutr\u0103 ar fi un dezavantaj \u00een apa care curge rapid; cu toate acestea, pe m\u0103sur\u0103 ce pe\u0219tele se deplaseaz\u0103 spre mare, vezica de gaz se m\u0103re\u0219te \u0219i depunerea de guanin\u0103 se \u00eengroa\u0219\u0103. La unii pe\u0219ti, vezica r\u0103m\u00e2ne conectat\u0103 printr-un tub \u00eengust (conducta pneumatic\u0103) la esofag, ace\u0219ti pe\u0219ti sunt cunoscu\u021bi ca pe\u0219tii fizostomi (gr. Physa – \u00eenseamn\u0103 vezic\u0103 \u0219i stoma \u00eenseamn\u0103 gur\u0103). Pestii fizoclisti (gr. Kleistos – \u00eenchi\u0219i) au pierdut orice legatura cu intestinul; aceasta este considerat\u0103 starea mai avansat\u0103 a vezicii. \u00cen ambele cazuri, con\u021binutul de gaz al vezicii trebuie reglat, \u00een special cu mi\u0219c\u0103ri verticale mari \u00een coloana de ap\u0103. Pentru fizostomi, reglarea con\u021binutului de gaz este simplu, dar pentru fizocliste, gazele trebuie depozitate \u0219i preluate prin fluxul sanguin \u00een dou\u0103 locuri separate din vezica gazoas\u0103.<\/p>\n

Re\u021beaua vizibil\u0103 se g\u0103se\u0219te at\u00e2t \u00een vezicile fizostomice, c\u00e2t \u0219i \u00een cele fizocliste; este vorba despre o re\u021bea dens\u0103 de vase de s\u00e2nge minuscule care trebuie s\u0103 \u00eendeplineasc\u0103 sarcina dificil\u0103 de a excreta oxigenul, de la presiunea de oxigen mai mic\u0103 (\u00een jur de 0,2 atmosfer\u0103 – atm) \u00een s\u00e2nge, p\u00e2n\u0103 la o presiune par\u021bial\u0103 mai mare \u00een vezic\u0103, ce poate fi de sute de atmosfere. Acest lucru se realizeaz\u0103 prin acidul lactic concentrat, care scade pH-ul s\u00e2ngelui \u00een mod specific \u00een regiunea \u00een care vasele din re\u021bea intr\u0103 \u00een contact cu peretele vezicii urinare. pH-ul local sc\u0103zut \u00eencurajeaz\u0103 celulele ro\u0219ii din s\u00e2nge s\u0103-\u0219i depun\u0103 oxigenul. O reducere a unei unit\u0103\u021bi de pH va duce la eliberarea a jum\u0103tate din oxigen de c\u0103tre hemoglobin\u0103. Pe m\u0103sur\u0103 ce s\u00e2ngele pleac\u0103 din vezica gazoas\u0103 din re\u021bea, pH-ul trebuie ridicat la normal.<\/p>\n

Prin urmare, re\u021beaua este responsabil\u0103 pentru secre\u021bia gazului \u00een vezica gazoas\u0103. Fizostomii pot expulza excesul de gaz prin conducta pneumatic\u0103. Heringii, (Clupea harengus<\/em>), au o gur\u0103 de aerisire suplimentar\u0103 \u00een vezic\u0103, un por \u00een spatele anusului, pe care \u00eel folosesc pentru a expulza gazul, f\u0103c\u00e2nd un sunet caracteristic, aidoma unui ciripit. Fizocli\u0219tii nu au o astfel de aerisire, a\u0219a c\u0103 din nou trebuie s\u0103 se bazeze pe fluxul de s\u00e2nge pentru a elimina excesul de gaz din vezic\u0103 La cap\u0103tul din spatele superior al vezicii  se afl\u0103 \u201eovala\u201d, o por\u021biune secretoare de gaz a peretelui vezicii pe care pe\u0219tele o poate \u00eenchide cu un mu\u0219chi sfincterian. Atunci c\u00e2nd un anumit gaz trebuie \u00eendep\u0103rtat din vezic\u0103, sfincterul se relaxeaz\u0103 \u0219i gazul se difuzeaz\u0103 de la o presiune ridicat\u0103 \u00een vezic\u0103, la o presiune mai mic\u0103 \u00een vasele de s\u00e2nge care perfuzeaz\u0103 ovalul.<\/p>\n

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Deci, de ce este at\u00e2t de important\u0103 reglarea con\u021binutului de gaze pentru pe\u0219ti?<\/span> Odat\u0103 ce exist\u0103 o cantitate suficient\u0103 de gaz pentru a contracara deplasarea apei cauzat\u0103 de greutatea pe\u0219tilor, \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 treaba e \u00eencheiat\u0103?<\/span> Pentru pe\u0219tii cu vezici apare o problem\u0103 uria\u0219\u0103 atunci c\u00e2nd pe\u0219tele se deplaseaz\u0103 \u00een jos \u00een coloana de ap\u0103.<\/span> Pentru fiecare 10 m. ad\u00e2ncime exist\u0103 o cre\u0219tere a presiunii hidrostatice de 1 atm.<\/span> Dac\u0103 un pe\u0219te se deplaseaz\u0103 10 m \u00een jos de la suprafa\u021b\u0103, presiunea total\u0103 a gazului se dubleaz\u0103 de la 1 la 2 atm, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t volumul vezicii se \u00eenjum\u0103t\u0103\u021be\u0219te.<\/span> Pe m\u0103sur\u0103 ce pe\u0219tii se ridic\u0103 la suprafa\u021b\u0103, apare situa\u021bia invers\u0103.<\/span> Un pe\u0219te fizoclist \u00ee\u0219i va restric\u021biona deplasarea pe vertical\u0103 \u0219i se va deplasa lent \u00eentre ad\u00e2ncimi, cu toate acestea,<\/span><\/span><\/span> c\u00e2nd pe\u0219tii sunt adu\u0219i rapid la suprafa\u021b\u0103, se observ\u0103 \u00een mod obi\u0219nuit eversiunea vezicii din gur\u0103 sau anus.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\u00cen acvariu, unii pe\u0219ti pot prezenta deseori probleme de flotabilitate. Cele mai notabile exemple sunt cele oferite de goldfhish care au o coloan\u0103 vertebral\u0103 comprimat\u0103. Curbura coloanei vertebrale pare s\u0103 exercite o presiune nejustificat\u0103 asupra vezicii, ceea ce complic\u0103 capacitatea pe\u0219tilor de a regla con\u021binutul de gaz. Ca fizostomi, pe\u0219tii aurii ar trebui s\u0103 poat\u0103 expulza excesul de gaz prin conducta pneumatic\u0103, dar acest lucru pare adesea dificil. Pentru unele specimene hr\u0103nitul la suprafa\u021b\u0103, adesea pe diete extrudate cu pelete, este ceea ce duce la trecerea aerului \u00een esofag \u0219i \u00een vezica gazoas\u0103. Tetra a fost contactat de mul\u021bi acvari\u0219ti – cresc\u0103tori de goldfish, care au declarat c\u0103 animalele lor de companie plutesc la suprafa\u021b\u0103 dup\u0103 hr\u0103nire. Trecerea la o diet\u0103 cu scufundare rapid\u0103, cum ar fi Tetra Goldfish Gold Japan sau o diet\u0103 umed\u0103, cum ar fi Tetra FreshDelica, poate preveni ingestia de aer. Un tratament tradi\u021bional de pre-\u00eenmuiere a alimentelor \u00eenainte de hr\u0103nire nu este o idee bun\u0103, deoarece vitaminele solubile \u00een ap\u0103 se vor pierde din alimente, duc\u00e2nd la deficien\u021be de vitamine care pot fi d\u0103un\u0103toare pe\u0219tilor.<\/p>\n

Problemele de flotabilitate pot fi ocazional cauzate de infec\u021bii patogene; la pe\u0219tii ornamentali, hemoragia membranei vezicii gazoase este uneori observat\u0103 la autopsie, totu\u0219i aceasta este adesea \u00eenso\u021bit\u0103 de hemoragie \u0219i semne suplimentare de infec\u021bie pe alte organe ale viscerelor, indic\u00e2nd o infec\u021bie bacterian\u0103 sistemic\u0103. Un pe\u0219te cu o astfel de infec\u021bie bacterian\u0103 va ap\u0103rea extrem de slab, cu probleme de flotabilitate care fac parte dintr-o serie mai mare de afec\u021biuni. Un antiseptic de acvariu cu spectru larg poate fi util, totu\u0219i bazarea pe tratamente pe baz\u0103 de ap\u0103 pentru tratarea infec\u021biilor interne poate fi prea optimist\u0103.<\/p>\n

Exist\u0103 chiar \u0219i c\u00e2\u021biva parazi\u021bi care colonizeaz\u0103 vezica gazoas\u0103; anghila european\u0103 nativ\u0103 (Anguilla anguilla) este extrem de sensibil\u0103 la parazitul viermelui nematod Anguilicola crassus<\/em>. Se crede c\u0103 acest vierme a intrat \u00een Marea Britanie din importurile de anghil\u0103 japonez\u0103 (A. japonica) \u0219i, odat\u0103 ajuns \u00een interior, colonizeaz\u0103 vezica gazoas\u0103. Infec\u021biile severe pot provoca ruperea organului, dar chiar \u0219i infec\u021biile moderate duc la \u00eengro\u0219area \u0219i pierderea elasticit\u0103\u021bii peretelui vezicii gazoase. Acest lucru face dificil\u0103 reglarea presiunii gazului \u00een interiorul vezicii, complic\u00e2nd capacitatea de a men\u021bine o flotabilitate neutr\u0103. Acest lucru se dovede\u0219te deosebit de dezastruos atunci c\u00e2nd adul\u021bii \u00ee\u0219i \u00eencep lunga migra\u021bie peste Oceanul Atlantic \u00eenapoi \u00een Marea Sargasso pentru a depune icre.<\/p>\n

\u00cen general, vezica gazoas\u0103 este un punct de discu\u021bie interesant, deoarece este un organ extrem de variabil \u0219i complex, g\u0103sit la mul\u021bi pe\u0219ti oso\u0219i. Func\u021bia sa principal\u0103 este asigurarea flotabilit\u0103\u021bii neutre, de\u0219i unii pe\u0219ti o folosesc \u0219i pentru detectarea sunetului, produc\u021bia \u0219i respira\u021bia aerului.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Vezicile \u00eenot\u0103toare – cum func\u021bioneaz\u0103, posibile afec\u021biuni (\u0219i o list\u0103 cu pe\u0219tii care nu au a\u0219a ceva) C\u00e2nd s\u0103rim \u00eentr-o piscin\u0103 sau direct \u00een mare, de\u0219i unii dintre noi \u0219tiu s\u0103 \u00eenoate, este evident c\u0103 nu suntem construi\u021bi pentru acest mediu subacvatic. Chiar dac\u0103 ne umplem pl\u0103m\u00e2nii cu aer, trebuie totu\u0219i s\u0103 cheltuim mult\u0103 energie […]\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1787,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[163],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1786","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-pesti"],"yoast_head":"\nVezicile \u00eenot\u0103toare - cum func\u021bioneaz\u0103 - Tetra Advanced Fishkeeper Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u00cen general, vezica este un punct de discu\u021bie interesant, deoarece este un organ extrem de variabil \u0219i complex, g\u0103sit la mul\u021bi pe\u0219ti oso\u0219i. 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